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Leadership and Linton Management Profile - 1836 Words

Assignment #3 Lisa Benton. Case Analysis Myron J. Cooper Jack Welch Management Institute Prof. Ardith Bowman JWI 510 June 18, 2014 ABSTRACT In consulting Linton, there are two main components that would have to be closely analyzed: Deborah Lintons leadership style and Lisa Bentons ability to positively impact her new business environment. Lisa Benton is well educated and experienced in her field; yet, she allows dysfunction to distract her of her ability to contribute. Benton surrendered the power of her voice because she humbled to the intimidation perceived from her supervisor, coercive teammate, and questionable environment. LINTON MANAGEMENT PROFILE Deborah Linton is the average person in a†¦show more content†¦Linton does notdefine where she wants her team to go (Lecture, Wk 1). Benton never received her objectives or given a set of expectations from which her performance would be measured. Linton does not know what it takes to be a leader. As mentioned previously, Linton is a manager who believes her position qualifies her as a leader. My first recommendation is for Linton to understand the difference between a manager and a leader. Kotter makes an interesting distinction between management and leadership as being forms of coping. Kotter states that management is about coping with complexity. Leadership, by contrast, is about coping with change (Kotter, 2001). Linton does not cope well with the change of Benton, an MBA graduate of Harvard, joining the team. Linton needs to better understand what is characteristic of a leader. Jack Welch specifically details what leaders do. I would encourage Linton to adopt and immediately apply these rules. Of the eight rules that Welch identifies, several rules need to take precedence. Leaders relentlessly upgrade their team. Linton spent time pushing Benton away versus taking advantage of the time to coach her. Rule #2 states that leaders make sure people not only see the vision, they live and breathe it. Benton did not receive her objectives let alone understand where Linton wanted to take the company. Leaders establish trust with candor, transparency, andShow MoreRelated Lisa Benton Case Analysis Paper 3 FINAL 6223 Words   |  25 Pagesï » ¿ Robert Alan Bast, II Lisa Benton Case Analysis Jack Welch Management Institute Dr. Denis Tocci JWMI 510 Abstract In this case analysis I will focus on Deborah Linton and Lisa Benton. Deborah Linton is the Product Manager and is Lisa Benton’s direct supervisor at Houseworld. I will look at Deborah Linton’s leadership approach applying concepts from JWMI-510. I will act as a consultant to Deborah Linton and make recommendations on how she can build an effective team. I will pointRead MoreOrganization Culture And The Inside And Outside Components Essay2222 Words   |  9 Pagesrole. Organizational culture is defined as an assembly of traditions, values, procedures, conceptions and postures with engenders the context of activities in the organization (Schein, 2012). Organization culture is likewise significant part of management as it is the hinge which decides the function of the organization. The factors that affect the establishment and permanence of organization culture are presented and grouped in the literature differently, generally, according to varied sourcesRead MoreManagement of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients in a Critical Care Setting3130 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients in Critical Care Setting Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients in Critical Care Settings Introduction Diabetes has reached an epidemic proportion in the United States. 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She is worried about her future with the companyRead MorePurpose of Evaluating Customer Service Policies26269 Words   |  106 PagesManual on Module II Introduction to Hospitality By Authors Mr Murray Mackenzie School of Hotel Tourism Management The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Dr Benny Chan Hong Kong Community College The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Consultant Mr Tony Tse School of Hotel Tourism Management The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Introduction to Hospitality Copyright  © The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region All rights reserved. The copyrightRead MorePurpose of Evaluating Customer Service Policies26276 Words   |  106 PagesManual on Module II Introduction to Hospitality By Authors Mr Murray Mackenzie School of Hotel Tourism Management The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Dr Benny Chan Hong Kong Community College The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Consultant Mr Tony Tse School of Hotel Tourism Management The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Introduction to Hospitality Copyright  © The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region All rights reserved. The copyright of this manual belongsRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesCommunicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 61 Activity 2.1 Designing a Sampling Plan 63 Activity 2.2 An Experiment to Test for the Stroop Effect 64 Activity 2.3 McDonald’s and the Next 100 Billion Burgers 64 Activity 2.4 Video Games and Pain Management 65 Graphing Calculator Explorations 69 3 Graphical Methods for Describing Data 75 3.1 Displaying Categorical Data: Comparative Bar Charts and Pie Charts 76 3.2 Displaying Numerical Data: Stem-and-Leaf Displays 87 vii viii ââ€"  

Portrayal of Women in Gods Bits of Wood free essay sample

Thomas Dye points uot that in the systems model, characteristics of a political system, which plays a very crucial role in the policy process of transforming decisions into policies has been lacking. Furthermore, the environmental inputs that influence the political system have also not been clearly defined and described. It is also seen as too simple an approach to explain the complex cycl;e of policies. It employs value laden techniques of welfare, economics and other factors like rationality, power, personnel and institutions have been neglected and not shown as integral ingredients in the policy cycle (Publicadministrationtheone: 2012). In addition, McDonald, Cleary, Miller, Lai, Siggins, and Bush (2010) also states that, it is problematic in that it treats the political system as a black box where a range of inputs are converted by means unknown into a range of outputs. The stages heuristic model The stages heuristic presents policy activity as a cycle beginning with issue identification and then stepping through policy analysis, policy instruments, consultation, coordination, decision, implementation and evaluation(McDonald etal: 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Portrayal of Women in Gods Bits of Wood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Critique The most prominent and criticised model of the policy process, the stages heuristic (Althaus, Bridgman and David 2007; Howlett, Ramesh and Perl 2009;), draws attention to an explicit set of processes usually characterised as policy analysis. It entails the collection of information about the nature of the problem and potential solutions, and weighing competing potential solutions against one another with the goal of producing succinct information that will assist decision-makers to make a properly-informed judgement (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis 2007; Bardach 2005). With its emphasis on analysis (that is, analysis for and in policy) as one step in the policy cycle, draws attention to the utility of evaluating the relative strengths of competing policy options (McDonald etal: 2010). The rational/comprehensive model The rational/comprehensive model assumes that policy decisions are made rationally with the aim of maximising social gain and on the basis that all required information is available and considered(McDonald etal: 2010). According to Nayyar (2011) the rational model, will make the best decision, define the problems, establish goals and objectives, generate all possible alternatives, consider the consequences of all alternatives, evaluate all alternatives, select the best alternative, implement and evaluate the decision. Critique It draws evaluators attention towards exploring the degree to which the policy being evaluated is based on an analysis which is rational (an intellectual activity relatively uncontaminated by such things as moral values and advocacy group pressures) and which is also comprehensive in the sense that all the relevant information is taken into account and systematically weighed(McDonald etal: 2010). Problems arise when put into practice since social and environ,mental values can be difficult to quantify and gather a consensus on the same. It is not totally practical as it is based on the principle that the decision maker is aware of all facts and statistics that are to be considered in the b current situation and knows the best way to deal and take a completely rational decision (Publicadministrationtheone: 2012). The bounded rationality model The bounded rationality model posits that people engaged in policy activity act as rationally as possible within the bounds of their capacities and resources. These bounds include lack of time, too much or too little information, the limits of peoples information processing capacity, and political imperatives (McDonald et al: 2010). The Bounded Rationality Model make a satisfactory decision, situation recognize and define the problem, analyse the difficulties, get the relevant facts, classify the problem, specify problem, establish criteria for a satisfactory solution, develop a plan of action, consider alternatives, weigh consequences of each alternative, deliberate, select course of action, initiate action plan program, communicate, monitor and appraise (Nayyar: 2011). Critique The bounded rationality model and the related set of institutional rational choice frameworks, lead the evaluator to look below the surface to understand why particular policy choices were adopted and others rejected as ways of dealing with a particular problem. Sometimes the bounds reflect political realities (the art of the possible). On the other occasions, they reflect inadequacies in information and knowledge management, or simply the pressures of time (McDonald et al: 2010). According to Publicadministrationtheone (2012) the bound rationality model is only goal pursuing and does not take in a very detailed account of the means to attain it. The institutional rational model The institutional rational choice framework focuses on how institutional rules alter the behaviour of intendedly rational individuals motivated by material self-choice (Sabatier: 2007, p. 8). It focuses on the traditional organization of government, describes the duties and arrangements of bureaus and departments, and considers constitutional provisions, administrative and common law, and judicial decisions. It focuses on formal arrangements such as federalism executive reorganizations, presidential commission, etc. Traditionally political science has studied government institutionsCongress, presidency, courts, political parties, etc. that authoritatively determine, implement, and enforce public policy. Strictly speaking, a policy is not a public policy until it is adopted, implemented and enforced by some governmental institution. Government lends legitimacy to policies, they are then legal; Government extends policies universally to cover all people in society; Government monopolizes the power to coerce obedience to policy, or to sanction violators (Summer: 2002). In the same vein, (Publicadministrationtheone: 2012) purports that certain institutions in society are seen as competent institutions for determining public policy bjectives and processes. The institutions are chosen on the basis of democratic participation, bureaucratic specification and adjudication and the functions performed by these certain institutions are the major determining factor to implement various policies. This model also specifies and suggests the relationship between various institutions and how they all work together and collectively contribute to a successful policy implementation (Publicadministration theone: 2012) Critique It is possible when all institutions are studied thoroughly and the relationship it shares with other organisations and also in a developing society where one organisation provides overlapping services with another organisation then it becomes difficult to segregate and duplication occurs, wasting money and resources of the country people (Publicadministrationtheone: 2012). It has also been noted that traditional studies using the institutional approach focused on institutional structures, organization, duties and function, without investigating their impact on public policy (Summer 2002). The incrementalism model The incrementalism model argues that people engaged in policy activity build on their existing information, particularly their knowledge of what worked (or failed) in the past, rather than seek out and attend carefully to new information(McDonald etal: 2010). The Incremental Model: Successive Limited Comparison Charles Lindblom describes the way most decisions are made as the process of muddling through. A small and limited set of options are considered. Options are only marginally different from existing situation. Options are considered by comparing actual consequences. Try the option and then observe consequences. If consequences are fine, then a little more. If consequences are negative, then back off and try something different. Focus is on outcomes and trial and error ( Nayyar: 2011). The incrementalism model assists evaluators to understand the nature and origin of some policy changes. It leads the policy evaluator to look carefully at the situation before a new policy is developed and implemented. If significant change appeared to be needed but did not occur, the evaluator could apply this model to assess the extent to which decision-makers perated in an incremental mode. They might look for conservative, incremental mind-sets in individual policy actors, or seek to determine if the policy environment was not conducive to paradigms shifts (McDonald et al: 2010). It only looks at immediate problems and short term solutions by taking one step at a time and leaves behind the overall issue for which the root has to be pulled out otherwise whatever little ework is done will be undone very soon. It also gives way to steps that enter quietly and were never thought of in the first place which may not be useful ( Publicadministrationtheone: 2012). . GROUP MODEL Public policy results from a system of forces and pressures acting on and reacting to one another. Usually focuses on the legislature, but the executive is also pressured by interest groups. Agencies may be captured by the groups they are meant to regulate, and administrators become increasingly unable to distinguish between policies that will benefit the general public and policies that will benefit the groups being regulated. Interaction among groups is the central fact of politics. Individuals with common interests band together to press their demands (formal or informally) on government. Individuals are important in politics only when they act as part of or on behalf of group interests. The group is the bridge between the individual and the government. The task of the political system is to establish the rules of the game, arrange compromises and balance interests, enact compromises in public policy and enforce these compromises( Summer: 2011). It is also called equilibrium theory, as in physics. Influence is determined by numbers, wealth, and organizational strength, leadership, access to decision makers and internal cohesion. Policy makers respond to group pressure by bargaining, negotiating, and compromising among competing demands. Executives, legislators, and agency heads all put together coalitions from their consistencies to push programs through. Political parties are coalitions of groups. The Democrats have traditionally been central city, labour, ethnics/immigrants, the poor, Catholics, liberals, intellectuals, blacks, and Southern blue collar workers. Republicans have been wealthy, rural, small town, whites, suburbanites, white collar workers, conservatives, and middle class. The entire system assumes a latent group supports the rules of the game, there is overlapping group membership which keeps groups from moving too far out of the political mainstream and there are checks and balances on groups competition(Summer: 2011) Â  Critique It states that a few groups and lobbies who have stronghold on organised agitation and means to influence bureaucracy and legislature get their way in view of lack of other organised opposition. . ELITE-MASS MODEL A policy-making elite acts in an environment characterized by apathy and information distortion, and governs a largely passive mass. Policy flows downward from the elite to the mass. Society is divided into those who have power and those who do not. Elites share values that differentiate them from the mass. The prevailing public policies reflect elite values, which generally preserve the status quo. Elites have hither income, more education, and higher status than the mass. Public policy may be viewed as the values and preferences of a governing elite. The elites shape mass opinion more than vice versa. Public officials and administrators merely carry out policies decided on by the elite, which flows down to the mass. It assumes that 1)society is divided into the powerful few and the powerless many; only the few allocate values (the mass do not decide public policy). 2)The few are not typical of the mass; elites are drawn disproportionately from the upper strata (Summer: 2002). 3)There must be slow and continuous movement of non? elites into elite positions, but only after they accept elite values, in order to maintain stability and avoid revolution. 4) All elites agree on basic social system and preservation values, i. e. , private property, limited government, and individual liberty. )Changes in public policy will be incremental rather than revolutionary, reflecting changes in elite values (not mass demands). 6)Active elites are subject to little influence from apathetic masses. Implications are that the responsibility for the state of things rests with the elites, including the welfare of the mass. The mass is apathetic and ill-informed; mass sentiments are manipulated by the elite; the mass ha s only an indirect influence on decisions and policy. As communication flows only downward, democratic popular elections are symbolic in that they tie the mass to the system through a political party and occasional voting. Policies may change incrementally but the elites are conservative and wont change the basic system. Only policy alternatives that fall within the range of elite value consensus will be given serious consideration. Competition centers around a narrow range of issues, and elites agree more than they disagree; there is always agreement on constitutional government, democratic procedures, majority rule, freedom of speech and of the press, freedom to form political parties and run for office, equality of opportunity, private property, individual initiative and reward, and the legitimacy of free enterprise and capitalism. The masses cannot be relied on to support these values consistently, thus the elite must support them (Summer: 2002). Critique The model states that only a few people who are referred to as elite, who are the public administrators and politicians are the only ones who possess the knowledge to make policies and hence no need to interact with others who are not equipped in this matter. It does not take into account the importance of civil society, organisations and other non-profit and voluntary associations possessing grass root knowledge of issues and solutions to the same (Publicadministrationtheone: 2012).

No Sugar by Jack Davis Essay Example

No Sugar by Jack Davis Essay Since the colonisation of Australia through ‘white settlement’, those in power have held prejudiced attitudes towards those native to the land. Over the past two hundred years, such views has led to a highly segregated society. Through the utilisation of dramatic elements, in the play â€Å"No Sugar†, Jack Davis provides a medium to explore the gap between non-indigenous and indigenous worlds. The multi-sensory experience directs the thoughts of the audience, whereby staging, props, language, sound and lighting move beyond the written word, delving deep into the crux of the post-colonial context.Through an effective amalgamation of these conventions, Davis initiates attitudinal changes within a society that is ultimately in conflict. A key dramatic element exercised throughout the play is the ‘perambulant model’ where the action of the play shifts between several locations: on one side of the stage, the audience can see the town of Northam and its police station, and on the other side, the audience can view the Moore River Settlement with the Superintendent’s Office. In his notes, Davis outlines that the play is ‘designed for dispersed setting on an open stage’. Throughout the play, this scattered nature of staging conveys a world of displacement and dispossession, where the Nyoongah’s are visibly segregated and unable and unwilling to assimilate to white culture. In addition Aboriginal scenes enacted in the bare, earthed space in the centre, characterised by the more circular and spherical lines of Dreaming, conveys an atmosphere of simplicity and spirituality, in contrast to the chaotic world of white bureaucracy at Neville’s office. Despite maintaining a measure of their own space at the water hole and campfire, Davis shows that all space is ultimately dominated and controlled by white authority, creating definition between the two cultures role in society. We will write a custom essay sample on No Sugar by Jack Davis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on No Sugar by Jack Davis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on No Sugar by Jack Davis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Structurally, dramatic contrast is achieved in ‘No S

Free Essays on Race

or offensive jokes. The fancy racism is openly declared and hostile.† (Schuman 155) I think that Cahill makes a legit argument. People experience racism everyday, whether it is noticed, unnoticed, intentional, unintentional, personal, or impersonal. Stereotypes are given to each race, and you cannot help but believe them at times. I think plain racism occurs more on a daily basis than fancy racism does. People do not even realize that when they shy away or avoid talking to someone of a different race, that they are committing plain racism. You would think it is because of who that person actually is, but you really do not even know them and are judging them by their outer image. I experience plain racism quite often, whether it is acted towards me or I act it upon others. People will meet me for the first time, and they assume I am a mathematician or computer engineer. The person is automatically using plain racism, but they would never use the word racism with their assumption. I will admit that I will avoid talking to a certain race, because I think that they may harm me in some way. I know that it is awful to think that, but that is how I was brought up. There were people you would look out for and others would be okay to talk to. People are raised with different beliefs, and may share or differ in their thoughts of other races. Plain racism occurs even when you are growing up, and your parents are steering you towards a certain group of people to be friends with. â€Å"Plain racism is still racism, but it is not openly proclaimed and openly confrontational.† (Schuman 162) I hear more about fancy racism occurring than actually witnessing it. I do not know whether it is because I live in this sheltered little world, or because New England just does not have as many fanc... Free Essays on Race Free Essays on Race Race – a sense of identity What is the definition of race? We divide people into groups by their skin color - black, yellow and whites. Maybe it is time to change this. The Swedish population and other populations as well, are nowadays a mixed group of people. White people are black people's neighbors, doctors and friends. With a growing unity between the all races, why does racism continue? The answer is because of prejudices. Racism and stereotyping are issues that date back to many years ago. Some prejudices come from experience, such as unpleasant or baffling encounter with someone from another ethnic group. Many prejudices are passed along from parents to children, sometimes without either generation having ever met the object of their dislike. Some come from the images that the media convey. In fact we are not different, instead we are judgmental and we discriminate and segregate. Racism is a word that means a lot of things to many people. To some, that word is the descr iption of a way of life, to others it is a repulsive term that represents closed-mindedness. What is race? The biologically answer is easy, the other answers are not. You can be black in your heart or mind even though your skin color is white or yellow, or the other way around. You do not necessarily have to act white because that is the color of your skin. You can choose how you want to be viewed and who you are in a sense of identity. On the other hand people can not choose their background or culture, what you have inherited is there to stay. This is important to remember. We are all unique individuals among races and we are also equal.... Free Essays on Race Race Today Whether one believes it or not, they are bound by the ties of race. Biological and social interactions are the two undermining factors of our place in society. We must â€Å"define race according to its social history† and these social factors in turn, form the boundaries that we have been calling race. Race being continuous and dynamic in nature, helps determine different cultures and classifications in America. Race is not a thing but rather a cultural context within groups, that reflect ones being or perhaps who they are in society. The way we make decisions in our life reflect our upbringing as well as the environment we reside. Racial classifications are communally and politically determined, but race by way of racism is a determinant of social class, economic status and health outcomes. Race had to be formed by someone who created different classifications. â€Å"How do you make the point that it is real but doesn't exist (Harold P. Freeman )?† Indeed, we a re socially constructed but I feel that there are biological attractions - an involuntarily force that brings people together which determines their race. For example, does the involuntary love expressed between two people stem from historical interactions or our social groups or perhaps from a feeling that unconsciously brings the two together? I would like to explain assimilation and how two examples show assimilation resulting in positive and negative outcomes. No matter how â€Å"race† is present, there’s no choice but to assimilate or to resist assimilation relative to a social environment or group. Assimilating to particular environments can be defined by the borrowing of an idea, style or perhaps the borrowing of that idea and eventually becoming part of that particular idea - because one is continuously exposed they have more tendency to change. Assimilation is the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture. Dif... Free Essays on Race In The Importance of Being Earnest, Pride and Prejudice, and â€Å"The Rape of the Lock†, they are all told from different prospectives and social classes, but in contrast all share the same viewsmarriage to a man of great wealth and well established standing would raise a woman’s social ranking in society. This overview of marriage shows in the attitudes of women during this time period. Batting eyelashes and making oneself wanted without seeming trampy or coquettish was the acceptable flirting technique of the early 1900’s. This instillment of thought was put into the women’s minds as young children, which grew and developed as the young lady matured and approached to the direction of marriage. In The Importance of Being Earnest, initially, Lady Bracknell is in control over Jack/Earnest and Gwendolen’s relationship. In Gwendolen’s opinion, her mother watches over her and treats her like a young child, trying to protect her from everything negative. Lady Bracknell says, â€Å"Pardon me, you are not engaged to anyone. When you become engage to someone, I, or your father, should his health permit, will inform you of the fact...† (p.720-Act1) Here, she justifies that not only is she in control of her daughter’s life, but eventually the outcome of Jack’s love life. Then, after Lady Bracknell established who was in charge of the situation, it is up to Jack/Earnest to convince her to let him marry Gwendolen. Gwendolen says, â€Å"Earnest, we may never be married. From the expression on Mama’s face I fear we never shall...† (p.742-Act1) Thus, Gwendolen makes it clear to Jack that although they want to take their relationship to the next level, her mother is the main obstacle between them that prevents this from happening. Last, Jack fights to save his relationship with the love of his life by following all of the rules of Lady Bracknell, in hopes that she would change her mind about him. Jack says, â€Å"May I ask ... Free Essays on Race I believe that â€Å"Race" is an arbitrary and meaningless concept because race among humans does not exist. As we come together and break apart according to the movement of human populations, we create a variety of differences among the human species. Racism, racial stereo types, race and cultural prejudices, and anti-Semitism, cultural and racial bigotry result in people being attacked, abused, oppressed, or enslaved. I feel that affinity groups should be allowed in school systems and else where. It is simply human nature to feel a natural connection towards others that look like them, come from similar environments or share a common past. I have noticed that people are becoming less understanding and less empathetic towards people that are â€Å"not like them†. While there seem to be genuine relationships between blacks and whites, some whites, including myself, hesitate to talk about race for fear of being taken the wrong way. I sometimes find myself being overly ca utious with some things I say because I am afraid it may be taken out of context and called racist. I believe that affinity groups are not "reverse racism† or "segregation." I think everyone should be allowed the right to form these groups. It is a place to come together and share experiences and express opinions, prejudice, or not, for mutual support or simply to just meet new people. People need some time and space apart from the central group just to let go and be themselves. If people coming together for group support makes someone feel excluded then possibly there is something missing from their life life or cultural associations.... Free Essays on Race Race Robert Cahill claims that there are two parts to racism: plain and fancy. â€Å"The plain racism consists of small everyday incidents, such as insulting words or offensive jokes. The fancy racism is openly declared and hostile.† (Schuman 155) I think that Cahill makes a legit argument. People experience racism everyday, whether it is noticed, unnoticed, intentional, unintentional, personal, or impersonal. Stereotypes are given to each race, and you cannot help but believe them at times. I think plain racism occurs more on a daily basis than fancy racism does. People do not even realize that when they shy away or avoid talking to someone of a different race, that they are committing plain racism. You would think it is because of who that person actually is, but you really do not even know them and are judging them by their outer image. I experience plain racism quite often, whether it is acted towards me or I act it upon others. People will meet me for the first time, and they assume I am a mathematician or computer engineer. The person is automatically using plain racism, but they would never use the word racism with their assumption. I will admit that I will avoid talking to a certain race, because I think that they may harm me in some way. I know that it is awful to think that, but that is how I was brought up. There were people you would look out for and others would be okay to talk to. People are raised with different beliefs, and may share or differ in their thoughts of other races. Plain racism occurs even when you are growing up, and your parents are steering you towards a certain group of people to be friends with. â€Å"Plain racism is still racism, but it is not openly proclaimed and openly confrontational.† (Schuman 162) I hear more about fancy racism occurring than actually witnessing it. I do not know whether it is because I live in this sheltered little world, or because New England just does not have as many fanc...

Innovation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Innovation Report - Essay Example This paper will examine the impact of innovation on Apple, Microsoft, Nike Inc. and describe how each company’s strategy, processes, products, and or services have been affected by innovation. To understand the impact of innovation on strategy, processes, products and services the definition of innovation needs to be understood. Innovation is not about designing new products, innovation is about creating or delivering to customer’s products or services they don’t even know they want but now they must have (Harvard Business Review 2009). Innovation is the thought of a new creative method; process or idea to a service or product already in existence and that has worked well but now has been changed or modified to fulfill a different need, market or demand. The change or modification will then bring additional revenue to the organization as a result of the innovative process. (Burns, T., and Stalker, 2006, 02) Strategy refers to how the organization will obtain the ends it seeks to achieve; strategy refers to a position taken by the organization. Processes are the learning, designing and planning of the strategy. Products are the results of goods through manufa cturing or a service. Services are the efforts or work by one person or group of persons who benefit another person or group of people, services are considered to be intangible (Betina, 2003). The impact of innovation is clear when looking at how any organization reacts and interacts with the changes of the market. The first organization that will be evaluated is Microsoft. Microsoft is one of the most profitable, most innovative and successful organizations in the world. Microsoft has successfully used innovation to maintain a competitive advantage and market share. Founded in 1975 Microsoft is the world leader in software services, solutions, applications and services that help business operate and stay competitive (Human resource management 2008). Microsoft is at the forefront of innovation and

Mohammed Ail Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mohammed Ail - Research Paper Example He rose to fame even outside the boxing ring for his outspoken and brave behavior. When the government demanded of him to join the military in 1957 to fight in Vietnam he refused citing religious reasons. He said that he cannot fight until and unless it is justified through religious teachings. The US government did not recognize this excuse and arrested him for draft evasion charges. The American public shifted their perception about Ali after his conviction (Ezra, 2009). People turned sympathetic towards him and saw him as an inspiration. Due to this incident, he could not professionally box for four years at the prime time of his career. Later Ali’s appeal worked its way to the Supreme Court. He won the case in his favor. His court victory made him an icon for a generation that would reject forceful inclusion in the military or any action against their will. Finally in 1971 he returned to the ring. He won the world heavyweight championship title three times; 1964, 1974 and 1978. His career as a boxing legend involves historical matches with boxing greats like George Foreman and Joe Frazier. Muhammad Ali rose above his sport after mastering it (Remnick, 2011). Ali brought the game of boxing to a whole new level. With his charismatic personality, his sheer power in the ring and his butterfly movements he became an icon for the sports of boxing. Ali is an entertainer when it comes to interviews and TV shows. He is an outspoken personality and would love to talk about issues other than boxing. He was the first African-American athlete who would shout his pride of being from the black race. He stood firm against the white establishment. Ali was kept under surveillance by the FBI, and received the same treatment as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X (Remnick, 2011). He lived a high-profile life and move the masses. Ali was born in Louisville Kentucky. His father Cassius Marcellus Clay

Success of Henry VII in strengthening the financial position of the Crown Essay Example for Free

Success of Henry VII in strengthening the financial position of the Crown Essay Crown lands were the kings estates. There were many ways in which Henry increased the yield of his crown lands. * Henry gained a lot of land from the Battle of Bosworth by naming himself king before the day of the battle therefore making all his opponents traitors and had the right to attain them all. * He gained a lot of land partly by good fortune from York and Lancaster. * Henry was not as generous as pass kings e.g. Edward IV, and kept most of his lands to himself but with the exception with some people like his mother, his uncle Jasper. * Used escheats, which were a right for the king to have lands passed to him when men died without heirs. * Skilful workers that helped Henry increase yield of lands e.g. Duchy of Lancaster and Sir Reginald Bray. Effectiveness of policy. Income from crown lands was increased by 30 % generally during his reign and with the help of Sir Reginald Bray the annual income of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½650 increased 10 fold. Custom duties. Theses were levied on wool, leather, cloth and wine. It was a fee, which was needed to be paid for trading. Edward IV increased his income by increasing trade and cutting down on embezzlement at all levels. Henry did the same and followed what Edward IV did. Effectiveness of policy. The average annual receipts were à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½33,000 for the first 10 years of the reign and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40,000 thereafter, so there was not a great deal of raised income. Feudal dues. Feudal dues were paid be people who held land from the king in return for military service. Feudal dues included: * Wardship, in which the king took control in the estates of minors until they came an age. * Livery, the payment to recover lands out of wardship. * Marriage, right of crown to arrange marriages for unmarried heirs/heiresses. * Relief, payment made so that the crown recognised inheritance of land rather then reclaiming it to the throne. Effectiveness of policy. Initially the proceeds from wardship and marriage were small, amounting to only à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½350 in 1487, but after 1503 a special officer was appointed to supervise them and by 1507 the annual income was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 a massive increase. Revenue through the operation of the judicial system. As monarch, Henry was head of the judicial system and was therefore entitled to its profits. Henry made the most of this by doing a number of things. * Fines: Henry was eager to exact fines rather then imprisonment or execution to increase his incomes. * Attainders: Method of punishment whereby the profits from the attained persons lands go to the crown. Effectiveness of policy. There were a lot of attainders e.g. Sir William Stanley had to payà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9,000 and thenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 p.a. for his treason in 1495. The highest passed was 51, total of 140, a third reversed. Parliamentary grants. Extraordinary revenue was money which came to the crow on particular occasions and therefore with no regularity. It arose from the obligation of the kings subjects to help him when the national interest was threatened. It was received, by the king requesting for the parliamentary consent. The usual type of tax levied was a national assessment. Effectiveness of policy. Parliamentary grants were less successful as they restricted Henrys freedom of action in return for money. By 1485 the taxes raised had ossified into a fixed sum of about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½29,000. Loans and benevolences. The king could rely on loans from his richer subjects in times of emergency by request, and was almost virtually impossible to decline. Effectiveness of policy. It was effective in the way it was quite successful as Henry had only asked modest amounts of money from his subjects and had always repaid back, probably to lessen the risk of rebellion of some sort. Feudal obligations. As feudal overlord Henry could demand money from his subjects for special occasions e.g. the knighting of his eldest son, marriage of his eldest daughter. Effectiveness of policy. Anyone who earned more then à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40 p.a. had to become a knight, along with the financial burdens that it entailed in military service. So this would have made a lot of money to add to the kings income from the financial burdens. Clerical dues and other income from the church. Convocation usually offered money when the king was requesting it from the parliament grant e.g. in 1489 when à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 was raised for the French war. Effectiveness of policy. Due to a rash of deaths amongst the bishops in the last years of the reign, Henry received over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,000 per annum in this way.

Big Bang Theory :: physics science space

Cosmology in general predates the physics that we rely upon in the twenty-first century. Its history is intertwined with religion as an attempt to understand or explain the workings of the world. Science on the grandest scale has felt great impedence from religious dogma and pontificators, specificly, the relationship between Gallileo and the Catholic church. The entire history of cosmology is a subject too broad for a small project to contend with, so I want to explore the workings of just the Big Bang theory; its creation, evolution and adaptation to new data, and revision with inflationary theory. The Beginning: After Isaac Newton revolutionized mechanics, the term 'cosmology' (or 'cosmogeny' at the time) refered only to the solar system and the immediate environs. Newton did a lot to dispell the geo-centric myths surrounding celestial motion, with his theory of universal gravitation. If planets moved on celestial spheres, instead of moving because of gravity, gravity must not be universal. Before Einstein, before his revolutionary theory of general relativity of 1915, most astronomers believed that the universe consisted of only one galaxy, the Milky Way. Outside galaxies were certainly studied, but not understood as independant and very distant galaxies similar to our own. Einstein did not apply his new gravitational field equations to cosmological models until 1917. Predecessors such as Mach and Gallileo grappled with the concepts of inertia inspired Einstein. Newton had attempted to formulate a cosmological model using his theory of gravity, and reasoned in 1692 that the universe could be considered an infinite volume container with an infinite number of stars. Newton was unable to define a gravitational force acting upon a particular body with these boundary conditions however. Newton realized that a universe with matter and only gravity acting upon the matter would result in a universe which would eventually collapse. Obviously the universe has not collapsed, which puzzled Newton. Einstein was also puzzled by the appropriate boundary conditions to apply to an aparently infinite volume universe, that has not collapsed. In the model of 1917 he tried to describe a universe that exists in a steady state, that is, not collapsing and not expanding. The creation of the big bang model was an inadvertant by-product of his classic 'cylindrical universe,' because such a steady universe must have a mysterious cosmological constant holding it up, and keeping it from collapsing.

New York Police Department Recruitment and Challenges

Thesis StatementSome of this is funny†¦most of it, if accurate, is outrageous. While some of the latter is verifiable, it is difficult to sort out just how much is simply sour grapes and whining because 40 miles to the East, Suffolk Country MOS have a huge contract. New York Police Department cannot get enough applicants to give a test for Police officers 88% of Port Authority Police Department Academy graduates are from New York Police Department cops, 50% of a new class of NYFD class are from New York Police Department. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).IntroductionThe New York City Police (NYPD) has over the last years been known to be the largest municipal police force in the world with a vital primary responsibility to enforce the law and carry out investigations within the five boroughs of the New York City, which include Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester etc. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).NYPD is dedicated to work towards enhancing the quality of life in the city by working in accordance to the constitution. This is achieved through its mission statement, which is â€Å"Enforce the law, preserve the peace, reduce fear and provide for a safe environment†. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000). This in result entails to preventing fear and responding to crime.In the United States, NYPD is considered as being the first modern style police department being an array of specialized services. It is contracted and dedicated to offering expertise in technical operations, K-9, diving or marine skills, aviation or helicopter skills, bomb disposal technology, counterterrorism technology, intelligence skills, antigang techniques, narcotics detection, public transportation, control and public housing. The NYPD has extensive crime scene investigations and laboratory resources while not also overlooking their units, which assist with computer crime investigations. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000)Recruitment Requirements for NYPDTo pace afoot into the NYPD academy, the following requirements ar e a prerequisite: one must be an United States citizen at the time of application; one must possess a valid high school diploma or an educational equivalent; one must have successfully completed either sixty (60) college credits from a credible college or a university with at least 2.0 GPA or two (2) years full time United States Military Service. (Reaves, Brian A., 1996).However, one could achieve the above qualifications yet be disqualified for admission because of the following factors: – One may have been convicted of an offence, which indicates lack of good moral character, or disposition towards violence or disorder or which is punishable by one or more years of imprisonment; one may have undergone repeated convictions of an offence, which indicates disrespect of the law; one may have been discharged from an employment as a result of poor behavior or inability to adjust to discipline; one may have been discharged in a dishonorable manner from the military service; one m ay have been convicted of an offence for domestic violence misdemeanor; and lastly, one may have been convicted for committing a felony. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).A Practical SituationDespite all these requirements and all the theoretical expectations from these special, well-trained and skilled cops a great problem looms in their working circumstances. For any person to work there is always expectations of commensurate benefits from the field of occupation necessary for the daily upkeep of the individual and dependants. The standard of life should also have a direct relationship with the rightful inputs of an individual to the workplace.Future progress should also be projected by the current occupation performance and renumeration. Other workplace related benefits are also very crucial determinants of an employee wellbeing and welfare. All these issues if not properly addressed, will lead to decreased morale, decreased output and poor performance and ultimately high degree of emplo yees’ dropout leading to high turnovers.This is the critical condition facing the NYPD. In 2005, there was a state arbitration and a panel of judges’ decree covering a contract negotiation between NYPD representatives and state representatives, which came up with a pay decrease for new officers. The new outcomes have been discussed here: – On admission, a new hire during training is supposed to earn $25,100 per year. This continues for the next six (6) months. On the completion of the Police Academy, the respective individual becomes entitled to an annual salary increase up to $32,700. To explain this, the state argues that the salaries were adjusted as a result of inflation. In practice these figures are far much low below the living standards of an employed person and they happen to be the lowest pay levels in history for rookie NYPD cops.This was a wrong decision by the jurisdiction of lowering the starting pay for new officers at such a time that the officer s are most impressionable and this act seems particularly unwise to majority of the people. The salary plunge is blamed on state arbitrator and is seen as a bad public policy to reduce the starting salary. The union officers argued that the city first suggested lower starting salaries to fund the pay raises and arbitration was taken to because the city refused to negotiate across the table. The conventional wisdom when applied tends to purport an inverse relationship between salary and corruption as witnessed in the jurisdiction such as New Orleans. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).The issue at hand is very crucial towards motivation of workers. A person of proper orientation cannot even dream or think about joining this career, which is devoid of motivation considering that there exists a high degree of risk in this profession. The situation is further compounded by the fact that out of the meangle pays, the respective officer is expected to purchase virtually all of their belongings and personal items. The items include officers’ uniforms and equipment, which one would expect to get from the Academy or employer. Some issues of quality items in this respect it is worth mentioning.Due to the fact of fluctuated pay anybody is highly tempted to go for the least expensive item and it is common sense that least expensive is least quality. The practice of officers buying uniforms and equipment for themselves has an outlay that can easily run into thousands of dollars. As a solution, the Municipal Union in 2007 through the Municipal Credit Union began issuing visa credit cards to the Police Academy as a way to borrow the money needed towards the mandatory equipment purchases.Top pay for experienced officers is no better compared with pay of other potential employers. The recommended top pay for an experienced NYPD officer is $59,588 not including overtime payments and other forms of compensation. The major contributor to these problems is the municipal funding agent s, which although it has continually funded other city project.The new basketball arena in Brooklyn got an approximate 8.3 acres land, which although it was a part of a forest the administration asserts that this is no land grabbing. For the sake of its development it got a further $100 million. (Kleining John, 1996). The Second Avenue Train line got the full funding agreement with a massive $2.5 bond issues and its work expected to follow within weeks to months. (Kleining John, 1996).The Mayor’s Green Plan is raising quite substantial amount whereby drivers are levied for entering Manhattan at rates of $8 for personal vehicles and $21 for truck operators. Major tugs of war have been evidently available as is the case of the New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), which urged the council members to provide the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) with adequate funding and to hold it accountable for recent lapses in its performance. NYCLU decried to Mayor Bloomberg’s proposals to cut CCRB funding by $1.2 million eliminating twenty four investigator positions and urged the city council to restore the CCRB’s funding to demand cooperation from NYPD and other agencies involved in the civilian review process.The NYCLU was actively instrumental in the creation of the independent CCRB in the year 2002, and has been an outspoken advocate for a vigorous and independent civilian review system. As part of this effort, the NYCLU has fought CCRB budget cuts year after year and has been highly critical of NYPD efforts to undermine the CCRB’s work. (Kleining John, 1996). Whereas the policy makers and implementers argue that they are in favor of keeping tabs on the people suspected of unlawful activities, they argue that the police should not be scrutinizing law abiding New Yorkers’ activities without regulations.Low pay is driving more and more New York’s finest to leave the job despite ranks being bolstered. Especially in 2005 and 2006, 1,769 officers were reported to quit job before their retirement eligibility. (Kleining John, 1996). The numbers have had a real impact on the streets and city hall does not have the courage to solve the problem.Difficulties Compounding Police Force IssueSome extremely difficult times were experienced in the city brought about by the economic downturn of the 1970. An arson attack particularly plagued Bronx leading to permeability of an atmosphere of lawlessness in the city. In addition, the city’s financial crisis led to a hiring freeze on all city departments including the NYPD from 1976 to 1980. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990). A crack epidemic of late 1980s and early 1990s followed in suit the arson attack, which is believed most certainly led to the city’s homicide rate to soar to an all time higher. A marvelous record of murder, so great that it has yet remained difficult to break in any other US major city, was recorded in 1990. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).The situat ion was further complicated by continuous thefts associated with drug addiction increasing became common. Furthermore, on September 11, 2001, twenty-three NYPD officers were killed when the World Trade Centre collapsed due to terrorist attack. More lives were lost that year than any other year in the NYPD’s history. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).All through history, the NYPD has suffered from numerous allegations of corruption. However, as the many commissions of inquiry convened to inquire about these alleged matters, the results have shown these instances of corruption reflect far greater on the individual’s involved rather than do on a systemic form of corruption. As a matter of fact, the instances of corruption when compared through statistics to the sheer number of the departments as a whole, the NYPD actually has a lower corruption rate than many other departments.Most commissions on corruption blame low morale and chronically low salary as the large contributing fact or. As things sour up to such heights it remains questionable as to the destiny and way out for these unlucky officers. Information permeability is in place of existing training and working condition in other departments of equal capacity as the NYPD.Situation Outside NYPDIt is crystal clear that in nearby departments’ payments is considerably more ranging from $50,000 for new hires and over $90,000 for experienced officers. Over the last few years hundreds of NYPD city officers have been found to leave for higher paying jobs with other agencies notably the Nassau County Police Department, the Suffolk County Police Department and the Port Authority Police of New York and New Jersey. (Bratton et al, 1998). Discontent over pay issues has become so widespread and so well known that higher paying departments in the lower cost of living areas such as the Rochester New York Police are actively recruiting NYPD officers to join their forces.Large numbers of NYPD officers have also mi grated to the New York City Fire Departments where, although the payments are similar to that of NYPD, work schedules are more attractive and they are privileged to have a more amicable relationship with the public. (Bratton et al, 1998). However, the NYPD is not comfortable with the exodus taken by their trained employees. Resources have been used for the training and therefore the exodus is a big loss to NYPD. Employees’ turnover is also a bad influence facing NYPD as a result of this exodus.Therefore, to counteract the exodus, the NYPD is using contract changes to forbid the prior practice of allowing police officers who join the fire department to transfer their seniority for a compensation purposes. With all new firefighters now compelled to begin working at the same starting pay, the number of NYPD officials willing to exit over to the FDNY is likely to fall considerably. (Bratton et al, 1998).Some NYPD officers charge that the department leadership is seeking to stem t he flow of officers to other jurisdictions by administrative means. In January 2006, 35 NYPD officers seeking to move to the Port Authority Police sued the NYPD claiming that it was refusing to make their personal records available to Ports Authority Police Department (PAPD) background investigators. The plaintiffs won the injunction at the trial level but the appellate division in January 2007 overturned that ruling and ordered that case to trial. (James T. Hamilton, 2000). For its part, the NYPD claims that its actions are merely in line with the personnel practices of any other employers and that there is no â€Å"stealth† effort to prevent officers from moving elsewhere.Nonetheless, it is a fact that no NYPD officers have been included in the last PAPD Police Academy as a result of the deliberate confinement of their background records by their employer NYPD. Despite these obstacles, there are signs that the exodus from the NYPD may become accelerating. In 2006, 902 offic ers resigned before eligibility for retirement. The number had been 867 in the previous year (2005) and 635 in the other previous year (2004), which contributes for an attrition rate of around 2%. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).While the Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly insists that the figures compares positively with the turnover rates in private industry, police union officials note that the proper comparison should be with prior years on the NYPD records in past years. For example, in 1991 only 15% officers left early thus recording an attrition rate of less than one half of one percent. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).The unfair state in NYPD has impacted negative picture of the Academy. Recruits and skilled officers are expected to take care of their transport costs. They are also supposed to cater for costs of their duty belts, handcuffs, flashlights etc. whenever they wear out. The cost of maintaining fresh supplies has been uncatered for by the Academy. The supervisors treat recruits and officers like children and the harsh manner of the supervisors create disrespect in the Academy. Recruits are taken for field experience and during the occasion they are given up to supervisory jobs. Due to the frequent turnover some identified officers and recruits are forced to act on supervisory capacity without an extra pay.At the end of it all participation in unions is crippled due to crippled financial status. They are also incapacitated to play meaningful roles in the society and their background society issues are very poor.The potential recruit of NYPD should expect to earn the lowest pay while working in the most dangerous environment in the tri-state area and should also expect picayune disciplinary action with a trial room having nearly 100% conviction rate. Dozens of civilian complaints from criminals and then complaints are investigated by cop hating, democratic club hacks. The recruit should also expect to be a great â€Å"white defendant† seeking publici ty, grand-standing district attorney have their life ruined when they make a good faith mistake they become financially destroyed plus their families by paying huge money in legal fees.The cop expects the boss ever behind while executing duties, any civilian complaint with a controversial case falls on the cops shoulders. The supervisors of the cops are ready to protect politicians at the expense of their junior cops. The members of the department above the rank of lieutenant are ready to earn promotion through suppression of their juniors. The NYPD cop members are the most demoralized army group. They give protection to millions of liberal, unappreciative citizens and democratic officers who hate them.The cops are also vilified by phony ministers who command huge sums of government poverty money to aid and assist crime. The cops transcend through six months of training then in disquiets join other police departments leaving their leaders searching for reasons of the exodus. As seni or members of NYPD shift to other departments, such as Suffolk County Cop, a vacancy opening leaves a promotion slot quickly.ConclusionThe result of poor funding in NYPD is a poor social economic structure. This leads to exit and exodus of those who enter NYPD Academy leading to brain drain and employee turnover. The lack of funding has created a huge salary disparity between NYPD and other same category departments. Any well-qualified person fears any indulgence with NYPD. Although their entry requirements are well outlines, a number of recruits gain entry into the Academy without the possession of valid driving licenses, relevant credentials possibility of suffering some disqualifications creates problems of retention of probationary employees since discontent and lack of motivation is the cause of exodus to a better place.ReferencesBratton, William J. & Knobler Peter (1998) Turnaround: How American Top Cops Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York: Random House.Eli B. Silverman (199 0) NYPD Battles Crime: Innovative Strategies in Policing. North Eastern University Press. ISBN-13:978-15555340011.Fred. M. Rafilson (2000) Police Officer Arco; 13th Ed. ISBN-13:978-0028637419.James T. Hamilton (2000) Channeling Violence. Princeton University Press. New Ed. ISBN-13:978-0691070247.Kleining John (1996) The Ethics of Policing. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Lung Worthy, Robert H. (1986) The Structure of Police Organizations. New York. Praeger.Reaves, Brian A. (1996) Local Police Departments. Diane Pub Co. ISBN-13:978-0788130076. New York Police Department Recruitment And Challenges Some of this is funny†¦most of it, if accurate, is outrageous. While some of the latter is verifiable, it is difficult to sort out just how much is simply sour grapes and whining because 40 miles to the East, Suffolk Country MOS have a huge contract. New York Police Department cannot get enough applicants to give a test for Police officers 88% of Port Authority Police Department Academy graduates are from New York Police Department cops, 50% of a new class of NYFD class are from New York Police Department. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).IntroductionThe New York City Police (NYPD) has over the last years been known to be the largest municipal police force in the world with a vital primary responsibility to enforce the law and carry out investigations within the five boroughs of the New York City, which include Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester etc. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).NYPD is dedicated to work towards enhancing the quality of life in the city by working in accordance to the constitut ion. This is achieved through its mission statement, which is â€Å"Enforce the law, preserve the peace, reduce fear and provide for a safe environment†. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000). This in result entails to preventing fear and responding to crime.In the United States, NYPD is considered as being the first modern style police department being an array of specialized services. It is contracted and dedicated to offering expertise in technical operations, K-9, diving or marine skills, aviation or helicopter skills, bomb disposal technology, counterterrorism technology, intelligence skills, antigang techniques, narcotics detection, public transportation, control and public housing. The NYPD has extensive crime scene investigations and laboratory resources while not also overlooking their units, which assist with computer crime investigations. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000)Recruitment Requirements for NYPDTo pace afoot into the NYPD academy, the following requirements are a prerequisite : one must be an United States citizen at the time of application; one must possess a valid high school diploma or an educational equivalent; one must have successfully completed either sixty (60) college credits from a credible college or a university with at least 2.0 GPA or two (2) years full time United States Military Service. (Reaves, Brian A., 1996).However, one could achieve the above qualifications yet be disqualified for admission because of the following factors: – One may have been convicted of an offence, which indicates lack of good moral character, or disposition towards violence or disorder or which is punishable by one or more years of imprisonment; one may have undergone repeated convictions of an offence, which indicates disrespect of the law; one may have been discharged from an employment as a result of poor behavior or inability to adjust to discipline; one may have been discharged in a dishonorable manner from the military service; one may have been con victed of an offence for domestic violence misdemeanor; and lastly, one may have been convicted for committing a felony. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).A Practical SituationDespite all these requirements and all the theoretical expectations from these special, well-trained and skilled cops a great problem looms in their working circumstances. For any person to work there is always expectations of commensurate benefits from the field of occupation necessary for the daily upkeep of the individual and dependants. The standard of life should also have a direct relationship with the rightful inputs of an individual to the workplace. Future progress should also be projected by the current occupation performance and renumeration. Other workplace related benefits are also very crucial determinants of an employee wellbeing and welfare. All these issues if not properly addressed, will lead to decreased morale, decreased output and poor performance and ultimately high degree of employees’ dr opout leading to high turnovers.This is the critical condition facing the NYPD. In 2005, there was a state arbitration and a panel of judges’ decree covering a contract negotiation between NYPD representatives and state representatives, which came up with a pay decrease for new officers. The new outcomes have been discussed here: – On admission, a new hire during training is supposed to earn $25,100 per year. This continues for the next six (6) months. On the completion of the Police Academy, the respective individual becomes entitled to an annual salary increase up to $32,700. To explain this, the state argues that the salaries were adjusted as a result of inflation. In practice these figures are far much low below the living standards of an employed person and they happen to be the lowest pay levels in history for rookie NYPD cops.This was a wrong decision by the jurisdiction of lowering the starting pay for new officers at such a time that the officers are most impr essionable and this act seems particularly unwise to majority of the people. The salary plunge is blamed on state arbitrator and is seen as a bad public policy to reduce the starting salary. The union officers argued that the city first suggested lower starting salaries to fund the pay raises and arbitration was taken to because the city refused to negotiate across the table. The conventional wisdom when applied tends to purport an inverse relationship between salary and corruption as witnessed in the jurisdiction such as New Orleans. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).The issue at hand is very crucial towards motivation of workers. A person of proper orientation cannot even dream or think about joining this career, which is devoid of motivation considering that there exists a high degree of risk in this profession. The situation is further compounded by the fact that out of the meangle pays, the respective officer is expected to purchase virtually all of their belongings and personal items. The items include officers’ uniforms and equipment, which one would expect to get from the Academy or employer. Some issues of quality items in this respect it is worth mentioning.Due to the fact of fluctuated pay anybody is highly tempted to go for the least expensive item and it is common sense that least expensive is least quality. The practice of officers buying uniforms and equipment for themselves has an outlay that can easily run into thousands of dollars. As a solution, the Municipal Union in 2007 through the Municipal Credit Union began issuing visa credit cards to the Police Academy as a way to borrow the money needed towards the mandatory equipment purchases.Top pay for experienced officers is no better compared with pay of other potential employers. The recommended top pay for an experienced NYPD officer is $59,588 not including overtime payments and other forms of compensation. The major contributor to these problems is the municipal funding agents, which althou gh it has continually funded other city project. The new basketball arena in Brooklyn got an approximate 8.3 acres land, which although it was a part of a forest the administration asserts that this is no land grabbing. For the sake of its development it got a further $100 million. (Kleining John, 1996). The Second Avenue Train line got the full funding agreement with a massive $2.5 bond issues and its work expected to follow within weeks to months. (Kleining John, 1996).The Mayor’s Green Plan is raising quite substantial amount whereby drivers are levied for entering Manhattan at rates of $8 for personal vehicles and $21 for truck operators. Major tugs of war have been evidently available as is the case of the New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), which urged the council members to provide the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) with adequate funding and to hold it accountable for recent lapses in its performance. NYCLU decried to Mayor Bloomberg’s proposals to c ut CCRB funding by $1.2 million eliminating twenty four investigator positions and urged the city council to restore the CCRB’s funding to demand cooperation from NYPD and other agencies involved in the civilian review process.The NYCLU was actively instrumental in the creation of the independent CCRB in the year 2002, and has been an outspoken advocate for a vigorous and independent civilian review system. As part of this effort, the NYCLU has fought CCRB budget cuts year after year and has been highly critical of NYPD efforts to undermine the CCRB’s work. (Kleining John, 1996). Whereas the policy makers and implementers argue that they are in favor of keeping tabs on the people suspected of unlawful activities, they argue that the police should not be scrutinizing law abiding New Yorkers’ activities without regulations.Low pay is driving more and more New York’s finest to leave the job despite ranks being bolstered. Especially in 2005 and 2006, 1,769 of ficers were reported to quit job before their retirement eligibility. (Kleining John, 1996). The numbers have had a real impact on the streets and city hall does not have the courage to solve the problem.Difficulties Compounding Police Force IssueSome extremely difficult times were experienced in the city brought about by the economic downturn of the 1970. An arson attack particularly plagued Bronx leading to permeability of an atmosphere of lawlessness in the city. In addition, the city’s financial crisis led to a hiring freeze on all city departments including the NYPD from 1976 to 1980. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990). A crack epidemic of late 1980s and early 1990s followed in suit the arson attack, which is believed most certainly led to the city’s homicide rate to soar to an all time higher. A marvelous record of murder, so great that it has yet remained difficult to break in any other US major city, was recorded in 1990. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).The situation was furthe r complicated by continuous thefts associated with drug addiction increasing became common. Furthermore, on September 11, 2001, twenty-three NYPD officers were killed when the World Trade Centre collapsed due to terrorist attack. More lives were lost that year than any other year in the NYPD’s history. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).All through history, the NYPD has suffered from numerous allegations of corruption. However, as the many commissions of inquiry convened to inquire about these alleged matters, the results have shown these instances of corruption reflect far greater on the individual’s involved rather than do on a systemic form of corruption. As a matter of fact, the instances of corruption when compared through statistics to the sheer number of the departments as a whole, the NYPD actually has a lower corruption rate than many other departments. Most commissions on corruption blame low morale and chronically low salary as the large contributing factor. As things sour up to such heights it remains questionable as to the destiny and way out for these unlucky officers. Information permeability is in place of existing training and working condition in other departments of equal capacity as the NYPD.Situation Outside NYPDIt is crystal clear that in nearby departments’ payments is considerably more ranging from $50,000 for new hires and over $90,000 for experienced officers. Over the last few years hundreds of NYPD city officers have been found to leave for higher paying jobs with other agencies notably the Nassau County Police Department, the Suffolk County Police Department and the Port Authority Police of New York and New Jersey. (Bratton et al, 1998). Discontent over pay issues has become so widespread and so well known that higher paying departments in the lower cost of living areas such as the Rochester New York Police are actively recruiting NYPD officers to join their forces. Large numbers of NYPD officers have also migrated to th e New York City Fire Departments where, although the payments are similar to that of NYPD, work schedules are more attractive and they are privileged to have a more amicable relationship with the public. (Bratton et al, 1998).However, the NYPD is not comfortable with the exodus taken by their trained employees. Resources have been used for the training and therefore the exodus is a big loss to NYPD. Employees’ turnover is also a bad influence facing NYPD as a result of this exodus. Therefore, to counteract the exodus, the NYPD is using contract changes to forbid the prior practice of allowing police officers who join the fire department to transfer their seniority for a compensation purposes. With all new firefighters now compelled to begin working at the same starting pay, the number of NYPD officials willing to exit over to the FDNY is likely to fall considerably. (Bratton et al, 1998).Some NYPD officers charge that the department leadership is seeking to stem the flow of o fficers to other jurisdictions by administrative means. In January 2006, 35 NYPD officers seeking to move to the Port Authority Police sued the NYPD claiming that it was refusing to make their personal records available to Ports Authority Police Department (PAPD) background investigators. The plaintiffs won the injunction at the trial level but the appellate division in January 2007 overturned that ruling and ordered that case to trial. (James T. Hamilton, 2000). For its part, the NYPD claims that its actions are merely in line with the personnel practices of any other employers and that there is no â€Å"stealth† effort to prevent officers from moving elsewhere.Nonetheless, it is a fact that no NYPD officers have been included in the last PAPD Police Academy as a result of the deliberate confinement of their background records by their employer NYPD. Despite these obstacles, there are signs that the exodus from the NYPD may become accelerating. In 2006, 902 officers resigned before eligibility for retirement. The number had been 867 in the previous year (2005) and 635 in the other previous year (2004), which contributes for an attrition rate of around 2%. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).While the Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly insists that the figures compares positively with the turnover rates in private industry, police union officials note that the proper comparison should be with prior years on the NYPD records in past years. For example, in 1991 only 15% officers left early thus recording an attrition rate of less than one half of one percent. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).The unfair state in NYPD has impacted negative picture of the Academy. Recruits and skilled officers are expected to take care of their transport costs. They are also supposed to cater for costs of their duty belts, handcuffs, flashlights etc. whenever they wear out. The cost of maintaining fresh supplies has been uncatered for by the Academy. The supervisors treat recruits and officer s like children and the harsh manner of the supervisors create disrespect in the Academy. Recruits are taken for field experience and during the occasion they are given up to supervisory jobs. Due to the frequent turnover some identified officers and recruits are forced to act on supervisory capacity without an extra pay.At the end of it all participation in unions is crippled due to crippled financial status. They are also incapacitated to play meaningful roles in the society and their background society issues are very poor.The potential recruit of NYPD should expect to earn the lowest pay while working in the most dangerous environment in the tri-state area and should also expect picayune disciplinary action with a trial room having nearly 100% conviction rate. Dozens of civilian complaints from criminals and then complaints are investigated by cop hating, democratic club hacks. The recruit should also expect to be a great â€Å"white defendant† seeking publicity, grand-st anding district attorney have their life ruined when they make a good faith mistake they become financially destroyed plus their families by paying huge money in legal fees. The cop expects the boss ever behind while executing duties, any civilian complaint with a controversial case falls on the cops shoulders.The supervisors of the cops are ready to protect politicians at the expense of their junior cops. The members of the department above the rank of lieutenant are ready to earn promotion through suppression of their juniors. The NYPD cop members are the most demoralized army group. They give protection to millions of liberal, unappreciative citizens and democratic officers who hate them. The cops are also vilified by phony ministers who command huge sums of government poverty money to aid and assist crime. The cops transcend through six months of training then in disquiets join other police departments leaving their leaders searching for reasons of the exodus. As senior members of NYPD shift to other departments, such as Suffolk County Cop, a vacancy opening leaves a promotion slot quickly.ConclusionThe result of poor funding in NYPD is a poor social economic structure. This leads to exit and exodus of those who enter NYPD Academy leading to brain drain and employee turnover. The lack of funding has created a huge salary disparity between NYPD and other same category departments. Any well-qualified person fears any indulgence with NYPD. Although their entry requirements are well outlines, a number of recruits gain entry into the Academy without the possession of valid driving licenses, relevant credentials possibility of suffering some disqualifications creates problems of retention of probationary employees since discontent and lack of motivation is the cause of exodus to a better place.ReferencesBratton, William J. & Knobler Peter (1998) Turnaround: How American Top Cops Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York: Random House.Eli B. Silverman (1990) NYPD Bat tles Crime: Innovative Strategies in Policing. North Eastern University Press. ISBN-13:978-15555340011.Fred. M. Rafilson (2000) Police Officer Arco; 13th Ed. ISBN-13:978-0028637419.James T. Hamilton (2000) Channeling Violence. Princeton University Press. New Ed. ISBN-13:978-0691070247.Kleining John (1996) The Ethics of Policing. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Lung Worthy, Robert H. (1986) The Structure of Police Organizations. New York. Praeger.Reaves, Brian A. (1996) Local Police Departments. Diane Pub Co. ISBN-13:978-0788130076.

The Second And Final Component Of The Flavian Dynasty

The third and final component of the Flavian dynasty is Caesar Domitianus Augustus, the self-proclaimed â€Å"God† and ruthless dictator who reigned from AD 81 to 96. Domitian is the youngest son of the emperor Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla. He was the less favored son of Vespasian, his father valued his heir to the thrown and Domitian’s older brother, Titus. Domitian’s youth was largely spent living in the shadows of Titus. As a child Domitian lived on rural land that his father acquired, spending most of his time in his home on Pomegranate Street, which was later turned into a temple of the Flavian family. Domitian spent a degraded childhood consisting of struggles with poverty and infamy. He became accustomed to rural life as a child and when he fled from Rome whenever possible in order to sulk in isolation and stab fireflies. After the death of Vitellius when he was fighting a war up against Vespasian, Domitian gained the title as Ceaser. However, Domitian only held the name as Ceaser, he appointed a colleague to handle all Judicial decisions. In order for Domitian to gain a military reputation that would outshine his brother Titus, he devised a pointless expedition from Gaul to Germany, which was dismissed by his father s friends. As a result, Domitian was reprimanded and failed at gaining a good military reputation. Domitian constantly turned to the idea of competition in order to gain power. An example of this is shown when Domitian wanted to offer soldiers double